• First Amendment
  • Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition
  • Limits the power of the government over the people
  • Public schools are an arm of the government
• 1943: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
  • Overturned Gobitis – students have the right to refuse to say the pledge
• Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District 1969
  • Supreme Court clarifies how much of the first amendment applies to public school students
  • creates a standard by which all subsequent cases will be judged
  • Established the Tinker Standard
    • Students rights are not to be infringed on
• Unprotected Speech
  • Still, certain kinds of speech that aren’t protected by the First Amendment for ANYONE to use
    • Obscenity
    • Defamation
    • Slander
    • Expression that is intended and likely to incite imminent lawless action
      • Shouting fire in a crowded theater if there is no fire
    • Fighting words
    • Unwarranted invasions of privacy
    • Deceptive or misleading advertisements or those for illegal products/services
    • Clear and immediate threats to national security
    • Copyright violations
    • Expression on high school grounds that causes a material and substantial disruption, is indecent or vulgar, advocates illegal drug use

• Rule 1: Good headlines have both a subject and a verb – choose lively, active verbs
• Rule 2: Most headlines will be in the present tense, only first word is capitalized unless its a proper noun
• Rule 3: News headlines are typically more straightforward, but can be creative; feature headlines are usually more creative/funny
• Rule 4: Use a comma instead of the word ‘and’
• Rule 5: Single quotes, not double
• Rule 6: Avoid question marks
• Rule 7:  Shun clichés and avoid jargon

One line headline: Single line with a subject and a verb

Two Line Headline: Two lines with a subject and a verb. Subject and verb on same line

Subheadlines: Sometimes headlines need a subheadline to add information

Underline: Headline with a subheadline underneath

Overline: Headline with a subheadline above it

The Hammer Headline: The main headline is big and only a few words, not necessarily  subject and a verb, and the subheadline has a subject and verb to explain the story

The Kicker Headline: Main headline has subject and verb, kicker is a word or a few words that help clarify. Kicker can be before or after headline.

Thanks for joining me!

Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. — Izaak Walton